A City on Mars

A fascinating book that examines whether we can live in outer space or on other planets. In short, the answer is: probably, but it will take a lot of time. Questions about how we can live safety and peacefully in space need answers before we even try, in contrast to various 'space techno' advocates that say we can and should colonize space now.

The book is divided into several parts, each looking at what we know and don't know about living in space, and what answers are needed before we even try.

Part 1, on caring for the spacefaring, covers the effect space can have on bodies, from radiation exposure and a microgravity environment. Sex and reproduction are also covered. The ethics of populations in space on topics like eugenics (with limited resources, what do you do with people that don't 'fit') and mental health are also covered.

Part 2, on where will humans live off-world, covers possible destinations like the Moon, Mars, space stations and less desirable places like asteroids, Venus, Mercury, outer planets and other stars.

Part 3, on creating a 'Human Terrarium', looks at what it may take to create a self-contained habitat in space and on the surface of the Moon and Mars. This implies a full recycling of waste, and probably corpses too. Protection from space debris and radiation is required. And solutions to problems with dust and toxins and generating power are covered.

Part 4 looks at space law: how we got it, what is says about how space can be used, why it is now a danger to civilization, and how it might be changed. At present, the Outer Space Treaty governs how space can be used. But it was created in the 1960s, a time of political competition for space, and not suitable for the current world, where private enterprises and nations may compete for prime locations.

Part 5 looks at the paths forward. The history of other treaties (on Antarctica and the deep oceans) may show a way to a better space treaty. Here, the authors state they prefer a managed commons agreement to using space. The history of how states are formed on Earth show that getting states formed in outer space will face numerous problems.

Part 6 looks at whether space colonies should be a Plan B for Earth. It looks at the kinds of colonies that could be set up in space. Based on history and economics of such colonies, the may well resemble historical company towns. They also look at what a minimum viable population for an independent colony might be, which may be in the thousands. The politics and regulation in such colonies are also examined as well as the possibility of colonies having space weapons.

Accessible and intricately researched, with scattered humor to keep the reader's interest.

Getting to space is the easy part. Staying there is going to be a lot more complicated than anyone wants to believe. There are plenty of established tropes in science-fiction and among serious space enthusiasts, but a lot of them have major gaps in them when you start pressing for details. What happens to a fetus in microgravity? Can you scrape together enough soil nutrients to supply agriculture for a whole Mars city, or do you need to constantly import fertilizer from Earth? How do you make sure you have enough medical supplies on-hand?

The authors wanted to write about what we know about space settlement. But it turns out it's a really good primer for what we don't know and need to research before we can get serious.

It's also an interesting companion to Under Alien Skies, which takes the approach of "assuming we're able to work out the details, this is what it would be like there." And, well, we have a lot more details to work out.

(Cross-posted from my website.)

If you've looked askance at Elon Musk's claim/plan to settle Mars this century, this book will validate your priors in a most entertaining way. The first 3 parts cover the physical & mental aspects of space settlement. As someone who works on satellites, none of this is surprising to me. At least a couple times a week, someone in the office will exclaim "space is hard!" as we try to solve a problem. Additionally, the book spends 2 parts of the legal and geopolitical environment of settling space. The authors' position is that space settlement nerds don't really spend enough time thinking through the ramifications. In particular, while there are better frameworks for space settlement than what we have, there's not a clean path to get there and space settlement nerds aren't really moving society in a real way to get there. There's an extended discussion of an attempt to establish a new state in space by dint of a small cubesat launched by a space society. (As a side note, I'm quite surprised that the book doesn't go into the attempts to create micro-states such as Sealand. Those would be a lot easier to attain statehood with that space environments, and yet none of those has even come close to succeeding.)

What really makes the book though is that the authors are both funny and pay attention to the weird facts of space. Steve Bannon once ran Biosphere 2! The humor won't be a surprise to regular readers of Zach Weinersmith's web strip, Saturday Morning Breakfast Cereal.